This article traces the life and archival-related accomplishments of Waldo Gifford Leland (1879-1966), historian, surveyor of archival repositories in America and in France, father of the American Historical Association's Conference of Archivists, archival theorist, J. Franklin Jameson's key lieutenant in the battle for the establishment of the National Archives, second president of the Society of American Archivists, and long time head of the American Council of Learned Societies. Special attention is given to Leland's affiliation with the Carnegie Institution of Washington, his activities as AHA secretary, and his close relations with Jameson. Also discussed are Leland's support for the archival educational activities of Ernst Posner and Leland's efforts to keep the position of Archivist of the United States free from partisan politics. The article explains how the SAA's Leland Prize for noteworthy publications owes its origins to an excess of money collected for the portrait painting of Leland which hangs in the National Archives.

The founders of the first archives (herein the term includes historical manuscripts) in the United States were historians; they were among the founders of the archival profession, and historian/archivists continue to be the leaders of the profession. The increasing concern of archivists with conservation, security, and ethical use of records, and the rapidly developing technology for the automated creation, storage, and retrieval of records, have widened the gulf between the historical and archival professions. The ties between them, however, are far from severed. Many archivists belong to and participate in historical organizations and vice versa. Historians and archivists also continue to be allied in committees representing their mutual professional interests and in numerous documentary publication projects. Training in archival administration, in whatever subject, such as science or literature, is required by an archives and, for the foreseeable future, in the use of computers, is essential for archivists. Unless, though, such training is based on a solid educational background in history and historical methodology, archivists are not adequately prepared for their profession.

Although the archival profession is still young and is therefore still primarily concerned with self-definition and development, economic stringency and technological change are forcing archivists to work with other groups to find solutions to common problems. The differences that previously divided archivists from historians in particular are rooted in practices and perceptions on both sides which the documentation explosion and the historiographical revolution of the recent past have made obsolete. The need to control technology on behalf of scholarship rather than the reverse should unite archivists, librarians, and curators with all those who use such materials. Moreover, as more and more documentation either is originally issued or is transferred for preservation purposes to new formats such as machine-readable tape, microform, and videodisc, the format-based distinctions that have been used to divide librarians from archivists should disappear, leaving both groups to confront anew the underlying problems of intellectual control of and access to information in whatever medium it appears.

Although hampered by their tradition of uniqueness, archivists have managed to cooperate to a limited degree through such activities as the CONRAIL project, the Joint Committee on the Archives of Science and Technology, the National Information Systems Task Force, and others. Much more effort is needed in the areas of archival description, automation, acquisition policies, appraisal standards, and education. The author concludes with a set of priorities for future cooperation and offers suggestions for addressing them.

This article on appraisals of manuscripts for tax deduction purposes is intended as a guide for archivists in dealing with potential donors' questions relating to the tax deductibility of collections and the selection of an appraiser. The services that an appraiser can provide are discussed, as are the various aspects of the relationship between the archivist and the appraiser. Procedures for the determination of the fair market value of manuscripts are analyzed in detail with particular emphasis on the methods of relating research value in a collection to commercial value in the marketplace. Numerous factors that can affect the value of manuscripts are discussed. Previous tax court rulings are discussed as are the archivist's and the appraiser's responsibilities should it be necessary for them to discuss the collection with the Internal Revenue Service.